Banking & Finance
under Indian law.
Lending and financial-services work in India sits across four regulators at once: the RBI for NBFC registration and net owned fund under s.45IA of the RBI Act, 1934 and for ECB reporting; SEBI for market conduct under ss.12A, 15G and 15HA of the SEBI Act, 1992; the NCLT for recovery under ss.7 and 9 of the IBC; and FEMA for FLA and overseas-investment reporting. The recovery clocks are Limitation Act articles 19, 21, 62 and 63.
Last reviewed: 19 August 2026 · every citation on this page names the dataset it came from
- 9governing provisions
- 12product capabilities
- 3free tools
- 8limitation periods
- 8compliance deadlines
- 3audiences
The regulatory perimeter comes first. Section 45IA of the RBI Act, 1934 prohibits any NBFC from commencing or carrying on non-banking financial business without RBI registration and the minimum net owned fund, and s.17 lists the business the Bank itself may transact. Entities with outstanding external commercial borrowings file the monthly ECB-2 return under the FEMA reporting framework and the ECB Master Direction; entities with FDI or overseas investment file the annual FLA return, and holders of ODI file the Annual Performance Report under Regulation 10 of the FEM (Overseas Investment) Regulations 2022.
Market conduct sits with SEBI. Section 11 of the SEBI Act, 1992 sets the Board's functions; s.12A prohibits manipulative and deceptive devices in connection with the issue, purchase or sale of any listed security; s.15G penalises insider trading at ₹25 crore or three times the profit, whichever is higher, and s.15HA does the same for fraudulent and unfair trade practices. Listed entities file quarterly and annual results under the SEBI LODR Regulations, 2015 through the Integrated Filing framework.
Recovery runs on two tracks. Under the IBC, a financial creditor applies under s.7 and an operational creditor under s.9, the moratorium under s.14 follows admission, and s.29A screens who may submit a resolution plan. Under the ordinary civil route the Limitation Act governs: three years to recover money lent under Article 19 or, where payable on demand, under Article 21 from the date of the loan; twelve years to enforce payment of mortgage money under Article 62; and thirty or twelve years for a mortgagee's foreclosure or possession under Article 63. Cheque dishonour under s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 remains the highest-volume recovery route of all.
The provisions, with their section numbers.
Each row names the dataset it was taken from — the seeded statute library, the compliance calendar's own statutory reference, the bare Limitation Act, or the DPDP research set. Nothing here was written from memory.
Tools that apply to this work.
Each runs in your browser. Nothing is uploaded anywhere, and none of them needs an account.
Every recurring statutory due date, month by month, each carrying its own citation.
Periods quoted from the bare Limitation Act, 1963, plus the arbitration, cheque-bounce, IBC and consumer deadlines.
Interest under 234A/234B/234C, CGST s.50, TDS 201(1A) and the 234E fee, each with its citation.
Limitation periods that bite here.
Quoted from the India Code bare Act. The period is only half the answer — the third column of the Schedule, the point from which time begins to run, is what actually decides the date. Each entry sets both out.
Three years.
Three years.
Twelve years.
(a) Thirty years; (b) Twelve years.
Three years.
Three years.
Chained deadlines: presentation within the cheque's validity (or six months, whichever is earlier); written demand notice within thirty days of the bank's return memo; drawer's fifteen-day payment window; complaint within ONE MONTH of the cause of action arising — the delay in filing the complaint being condonable for sufficient cause.
Thirty days; condonable for sufficient cause by a further period 'not [to] exceed fifteen days' — a hard 45-day outer cap.
The capabilities that do this work.
Every one of these is a real feature page with its own status — Live, Beta or Soon. If it says Beta, it is in beta.
SEBI, RBI, MCA/ROC, and GST circulars + filings tracked end-to-end.
New circulars summarised and filterable by Act, regulator, and effective date.
Every deadline that applies to your entity in one calendar, with advance alerts.
Three-tier extraction cascade so PDF, DOCX, and scanned bilingual contracts all work.
Red, amber, or green for every clause, with an explanation and confidence score.
What-if engines for litigation and contracts — outcome odds, damages, settlement, cheque-bounce, tax, and AI negotiation roleplay.
Judgments from SC, High Courts, NCLT, ITAT, CCI, DRT, and CESTAT.
See how cases cite each other — trace a doctrine forward and back.
See which clauses are present, missing, or non-standard across your portfolio.
Upload a policy and see what isn't covered — exclusions, sub-limits, deductibles, and the claims-notice window that voids the claim if you miss it.
DTAA treaty analysis, transfer pricing flags, Form 15CA/CB requirements.
A searchable record of state-changing actions across the workspace.
The modules this area draws on.
The people who do banking & finance work.
8 compliance deadlines touch this area.
These are the statutory dates, not the extended ones — there is no automatic carry-forward when a due date falls on a Sunday or a gazetted holiday, and regulators grant relief only by ad-hoc notification. Every row states who it applies to; almost none of them applies to every entity.
- ECB-2 — Monthly ECB return
- FLA — Foreign Liabilities & Assets return
- APR — Annual Performance Report (ODI)
- SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q4, Jan-Mar)
- SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q1, Apr-Jun)
- SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q2, Jul-Sep)
- SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q3, Oct-Dec)
- SEBI LODR — Annual audited financial results (Reg 33)
Banking & Finance — the questions people actually ask.
When does limitation start on a loan repayable on demand?
From the date of the loan, not from the date you make the demand. That is Article 21 of the Limitation Act, 1963, and it catches lenders who assume the clock waits for them. Article 19 covers money lent generally, also three years. A written acknowledgment of liability signed before the period expires (s.18) or a part-payment acknowledged in the payer's own signed writing (s.19) gives a fresh period; an acknowledgment of an already-barred debt does not.
Which RBI and FEMA returns does the calendar carry?
The monthly ECB-2 return for entities with outstanding external commercial borrowings, under FEMA 1999 with the RBI Master Direction on reporting and the ECB Master Direction; the annual FLA return for every Indian entity with outstanding FDI or overseas investment; and the ODI Annual Performance Report under Regulation 10 of the FEM (Overseas Investment) Regulations 2022. Each row states who it applies to — none of them is universal.
Does LexVio monitor RBI and SEBI circulars?
Yes. Regulator monitoring tracks SEBI, RBI, MCA/ROC and GST circulars and filings end to end, and the regulatory change feed summarises new circulars and lets you filter by Act, regulator and effective date. Financial institutions are one of the ten audiences with a dedicated solutions page.
Can LexVio read a loan or facility agreement?
It reads any contract — the three-tier extraction cascade handles PDF, DOCX and scanned bilingual documents, clause-level risk scoring returns red, amber or green per clause with an explanation and confidence score, and the clause coverage map shows which clauses are missing or non-standard across a whole portfolio of facility documents rather than one at a time.
A map of the material, not advice on your matter. These hubs point at statutory text, free calculators and product capabilities. They are not legal advice, they do not create an advocate-client relationship, and they are no substitute for reading the bare Act as currently amended. Indian law is fact- and state-specific — stamp duty, registration and several employment obligations vary by state, and limitation turns on facts a web page cannot know. Take advice on your own facts before acting.
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